Animal+Testing

Shelby Weikel Mr. Rice Honors English 11 April 4th, 2010   **__Animal Testing __**   Multiple organizations are debating whether or not animal testing should be banned. Research proves that there are different options available for animal testing. Animal testing is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Animal testing is a huge issue in the United States and other countries such as Canada and Great Britain. These countries along with other countries, are trying to ban this issues. Other countries already have this issue banned that is why it is our job to come together and end this issue. Animal testing has multiple effects on animals. One being cruelty, alternatives, and the types of methods they use animals for this experimentation. Scientist and chemist are working numerous hours of hard labor to try and find less cruel methods of animal testing. Companies are doing the same. People do not know this, but most of the products they use for cleaning, medicine, and cosmetics are tested on animals. That is why companies are trying to find alternatives. Not only do companies and scientists have to do all the work in order to find new ways, people in general have to play a role. People have to speak their minds in order to get their say in animal testing. Some are for it, others are not for it. Controversy is arising over this issue day in and day out. Supporters believe in the use of alternatives to ensure that testing is done in a human manner. Those against still think that animal testing is not acceptable and that it must be banned. In the standing, the use of animal testing is still legal and encouraged by all researchers who utilize animal testing practices. Animal testing (also known as vivisection) elicits strong opinions from both those for and those against the practice.(Avert-Aids charity)   Animal testing has been around for centuries. Animal testing is used for two reasons; to find more about the animals themselves, and secondly to test substances and procedures to see if they are harmful, determining if they are eligible for humans to use.(Dixon) There are multiple principles towards using animals for testing that people concur with. Animal testing aids researchers to find drugs and treatments to help improve medicine and health techniques for humans. Over the years animal testing has made it possible for medical treatments to be used in actually medical practices. Such as cancer, HIV drugs, insulin, antibiotics, and vaccines. These medical improvements consider that animal testing is vital for the improvement of human health. The usages of drugs in animal testing are to guarantee the safety of that drug, along with other substances. By doing so we can determine what medications are safe for humans to use on a daily basis. Drugs alone can carry significant dangers that can harm humans, but with the use of animal testing it allows researchers to initially test the safety of drugs prior producing them for the world. Humans lives are being more reduced each year because of the use of animal testing, and not only are the dangers of the drugs being avoided but the improved quality of human life is being increased. Those against animal testing believe that it is animal cruelty and is inhumane period. There lies deeper scientific thoughts that those opposing the “real” facts. Most of the animals that are used in experimentation are later killed after the experiment is over, while other animals that are hurt will remain in captivity; “It is this aspect of animal testing that many view as a major negative against the practice”.(About Animal Testing ). Another con is the total cost of animal testing. No one really knows, if it is increasing or decreasing. This is because the experimenting is done privately and exposed rarely. Trend is increasing each year. The NIH, a funding agency was able to keep general approximation on the cost of animal testing in the U.S over the past 5 years, and concluding an approximation of $8 billion to %8.5 billion dollars on animal testing. Now this does not include other countries such as Canada or Great Britain, only the United States. One of the final cons on animal testing is the reaction of drugs in an animal’s body is different from the reaction in a human. This means that those who oppose animal testing feel that it is unreliable. There is a lot of hue and cry over the ever increasing animal testing statistics from organizations working in the field of animal rights.(Kanade)  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">To solve the controversy of those who oppose the animal testing issue, scientists and chemists are working to find “alternatives” to make animal experimenting more humane. This allows those who are for animal testing to speak their minds and say that animal testing is permitted while the experimentations are done in a humane way ; “These alternatives also serve to ensure that where animals must be used, their well-being ad care are maximized while their suffering is minimized to the fullest extent possible”. (About Animal Testing). With the use of animal testing comes three alternative; reduction, replacement, and refinement. The alternative methods are to be utilized before and during animal testing. Reduction is an important method which allows researchers to perform animal testing using a minimal number of animals. Scientist uses this method every time they go into experimentation. Not only are they experimenting with fewer animals but they get the benefit of their research still be obtained. One of the other overviews on alternatives is replacement. Replacement methods are used whenever probable doubtfully they are not equivalent to the use of an entire organism. This method is preferable and involves using other forms of testing as opposed to animals. Those who are oppose animal testing tend to favor this alternative due to the method is used to aim goals of the experimentation can be succeeded without the use of animals. This method reduced the overall average of animals used in testing. The last of the basis of alternative is the method of refinement. This method is unlike the other two methods they are controversial because they involve minimizing animal suffering but do not actually reduce the number of animals. Thos who oppose the issue of animal testing often believe that the animals should never be used and that even the slightest amount of suffering is still too much suffering. For those who promote the issue believe that the refinement techniques promote the well-being of animals and safeguarding t heir welfare. Refinements are usually pushed toward alleviating animal suffering and reduce the chances of distress that may occur during any experimentation. All of these alternatives are for the use of advancing medicine and protecting humans from product harm. The supporter belive that these testing alternatives will ensure testing is done as humanely, and effectively as possible. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> New technologies have been developed to ensure that scientist find effective ways to deepen our knowledge of medicine and to develop enhanced measures and drugs for disease while improving animal use and treatment. There may also be restrictions or bans on certain activities such as cosmetic testing, requirements for ethical assessment of experiments, and licensing of institutes, individuals and research projects.(Turner) Some of the new technologies that are being used are synthetic membranes, cell cultures, statistics, and scanning techniques. These technologies are not all used physically used in animal testing but are used to enhance the benefits of animal testing. Synthetic membranes are being used more and more during animal testing. This process is done by growing cells through artificial means; many biomedical tests can be avoided during this process. These membranes are taking the place for animals and they are being used to demonstrate the effects of chemical treatments on skin. Along with synthetic membranes statistics are being put into action more and more in testing. This procedure allows researchers to use full data sets to better determine how a sickness or disease can be spread. The data used previously from animal testing is allowing researchers to avoid using animals, and in fact reducing the number of animals being used in testing. Cell cultures similar in means of using less animals and replacing them provides an effective way of doing so. The use of cell cultures dated back in the 1970’s when monkeys were used for the polio vaccine and now in today’s world a kidney cell culture can be taken. The benefits towards cell cultures are that any vaccine from the cell cultures are in form that is actually pure instead of one directly from an animal. With new scanning techniques being used for multiple for problems in the medical field an alternative such as an autopsy is providing information more appropriate to biomedical research. Although unlike the other alternatives mentioned, scanning techniques don’t replace the animals completely but it does reduce the number of animals used. All of the alternatives mentioned are all newer ways to eliminate the use of animals in testing and reduce the number of animals used throughout everyday testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Animal testing is and extended issue and involves other types of testing that branch of from the main issue of animal testing. There are several different types of animal testing that are utilized around the world. Testing such as toxicology testing, cosmetic testing and vivisections are types of tastings done all throughout the world. Toxicology testing is the most important aspect of animal testing. Toxicology testing is an area of animal testing with approximately a million animals used per year in Europe alone.(About Animal Testing). It ensures the safety of a variety of substances in drugs. Most of these tests are not done by scientist but by pharmaceutical corporations and animal testing facilities. This area of testing has a variety of benefits that include the assessment of products such as food products, additives, and chemicals. The only major downfall with toxicology testing is that when they use the testing on the final product it means using additional animals to conduct the testing on the finished product. Not only do they use animals but while the testing is going one that animals are being put through crucial pain and this does not concur with the principles of reduction, replacement, and refinement. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The other main type of testing used in testing is the cosmetic testing. Not a great number of people know the products they use are tested for perfection on animals. Everyday products such as Clorox, Johnson & Johnson, Pantene, Suave, Proctor and Gamble, and Vicks are all tested on animals for the benefit of humans to not get any reactions towards these products. P&G refuses to stop testing its products on animals, despite the fact that these tests are not required by any law, and despite the fact that more reliable and humane alternatives do exists. (In Defense of Animals) The majority of these companies claim they test animals to ratify the safety of their products. The Food and Drug Administration does not require animal testing for cosmetics and offer a wide range of alternative for more reliable results. Unlike the other companies previously mention, companies such as Burt’s Bee’s, and Avon are already or have done the process of non-animal testing methods to ensure the safety of their products. Cosmetic testing is performed to measure the level of skin irritancy, eye tissue damage, and toxicity caused by the products created by the company. In one of the test performed in both cosmetic testing and toxicology is the Draize test. This is when substances are placed in the eyes of rabbits to evaluate the damage of sensitive eye tissue. At most times the rabbits scream or break their neck or backs trying to escape from the restraints. Millions of animals suffer and die each year in the testing of cosmetic, personal care, and household products.(Pawprints &Purrs Inc.) This contradicts the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. Many animal right activists pursue an end to all animal testing where other organizations argue for those principles. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Animal testing cannot be done by just anyone. There are special animal experimentation regulations that are needed in order to be able to do animal testing. Of the regulations they vary from country to country. The uses of animals in experiments are regulated to a greater or lesser extent in different countries. Countries such as United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand they differ in numerous amounts of ways. Legislation may cover standards such as housing, inspection of facilities, control of pain and suffering are all dealt with when working with animal experimentation. There are also restrictions on certain activities such as cosmetic testing, requirements for ethical assessments, and licensing of institutes. The regulation has two main types centralized and dispersed. The UK has a centralized system, meaning researchers and projects are licensed through the Home Office Inspectorate. The United States has a dispersed system, meaning projects are assessed by animal care. Different countries have similar rules and regulations concerning the use of animals in testing. For example New Zealand laws cover all vertebrates and crustaceans where as the UK only invertebrates include the octopus. Differing from the Us Animal Welfare Act excludes rats, mice, and birds. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Most of the animals that are used in testing are bred just for testing, but many others come from the pound. Mice, rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, cats and monkey’s are the most commonly used animals for tests. (Beattie) With the regulations the 3 R’s are referred to the legislation of some countries. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Animal testing occurs frequently in the United States, similar to the UK regulations in the US focus on monitoring and regulation the use of vertebrates rather than invertebrates. In the United States a large portion of the regulation process is governed by the Animal Welfare Act. The goals are to ensure that animals used in research receive a high standard of care and are treated humanely and with respect. This way animal suffering is seen as secondary to the goals of research and is only minimized if it does not interfere with the success of the experiment. In the United States animal welfare groups are the most well-known and play the larger role. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals are an active group that campaigns for animal rights in many areas. This group is known to spot researcher by threatening them or holding protest in from their property. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> As animal testing is done all throughout the world it varies in different countries. In Canada animal testing is regulated but not quite as strictly as animal testing opposed to the UK. As the health in Canada protects aspects of the public through numerous means, Canada supports the use of animal testing to further medicine and healthcare. They only support the approach of researchers being required to use animal models that are similar to humans in animal testing. Their meaning of this approach also means that non-animal models can’t be entirely removed from research. This will benefit the Health Canada’s belief by strengthening it. The Canadian approach includes minimizing animal suffering just like every other country practicing animal testing. Just the like the other countries mention, also supports refinement, replacement, and reduction techniques in animal testing. The Canadian Council of Animal Care ensures that animals are utilized under humane conditions. Guidelines created by the council that govern the experiments require that animal use may only occur if it provides a contributation to human understanding or the gaining of knowledge for humans and animal to benefit from. Just as every country has them those who oppose animal testing, there are those who oppose the issue in Canada. It is mainly those who oppose cosmetic testing but on the other hand support the use of animals only when absolutely necessary and only for the improvement of medical conditions. Those who demand for cosmetic testing to be banned the manufacturers of cosmetics have responded by abolishing animal testing on cosmetics. Canada is also open to the idea of halting animal testing if a viable alternative is developed. Canada in today’s society will continue animal testing but will do so under rules and regulations that ensure animals are testing humanely and respectfully. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> As many of these countries are in controversy over banning the issues there are multiple current projects being done while controversy is in play. The Humane Society’s campaign (HSUS) to come to an end in animal testing is a variety of different ideas. The campaign is a combination of political sponsorship, and for solid science foundation to emphasize government to become more accommodation with new technologies. The HSUS has current projects that will follow these ideas which will in return hopefully end animal testing. The Human Toxicology Initiative is a current HSUS project that is working to end animal testing by campaigning on global levels to encourage non-animal testing methods... The Mandatory Alternatives Legislation is another current HSUS project that has been working to pass laws that will make it illegal for a company to conduct an animal test when scientifically confirming an alternative method is available. Another project is the AltTox. This project is a website created by HSUS and Proctor and Gamble to encourage the exchange of technical and policy information on non-animal testing methods. This is being put in play to build and online community of professionals dedicated to advancing in non-animal methods. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> In conclusion animal testing is a major global issue. Countless number of hours is being put into testing new technologies and non-animal testing methods to reduce the number of testing done global. As for the issue being banned, there are multiple countries that have it banned and there are countries that were mentioned that are trying day in and day out to ban the issue. Although the whole issue may not be banned in a specific country, many are trying to find alternatives toward animal testing that will abide by the 3 R’s to help keep the animals being testing in proper conditions. As they find these alternatives many organizations have to follow by the special rules and regulations. Now they vary by country so not all rules and regulations are the same all throughout the world. In American society organizations are debating whether or not animal testing should be banned. Research proves that there are other options available for animal testing.


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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Shelby Weikel <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Honors English 11 Period 3 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Rice <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30 April 2010 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AboutAnimalTesting. "Animal Testing in Canada - About Animal Testing (UK)." //Informed Discussion on Animal Welfare in Animal Testing at About Animal Testing (UK)//. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-canada.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source contains information on rules and regulations of animal testing in the United States. This source also contains various information on alternatives and new technologies to lessen animal cruelty. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"Animal Testing in the United States - About Animal Testing (UK)." //Informed Discussion on Animal Welfare in Animal Testing at About Animal Testing (UK)//. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-united-states.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This sources contains information on animal testing in Canada and how in differs from other rules and regulations in other countries. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Humane Society of the United States. "Current HSUS Projects | The Humane Society of the United States." //The Humane Society of the United States : The Humane Society of the United States//. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animal_testing/hsus-projects/>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This sources contains information on current Humane Society projects trying to put an end to animal testing. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"5 Reasons to Ban Animal Testing." Web log comment. //Liberal Road Blog Individual Freedom and Equality//. CarlAnimal Rights and Political. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <www.liberalroad.com>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source contains information on different reasons to ban animal testing. It also allows you to look at other people’s views and opinions on banning animal testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Animal Testing: American Anti- Vivisection Society //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pawprintrs & Purrs,Inc. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <www.sniksnak.com>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source explains how animal test cause the suffering of many animals for our personal car and household products. This society also explains about the different animal tests that are being done to give us those everyday products. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Animal Testing Facts //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <www.buzzle.com>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source obtains information on an overview of animal testingin general, giving us information on the effects, and damage of animal testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dixon, Thomas. "Animal Experimentation." //International Debate Eucations Association//. IDEA Inc. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <www.idebate.org>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source obtains both the pros and cons of animal testing. This source also gives the two main reasons for experimenting on animals and what categories there are to animal testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"Eco Logical." //Manimal and the Cosmetics Testing Laboratory// (2004). //Grinning Planet//. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. <http://www.grinningplanet.com/2004/10-12/cosmetics-animal-testing-article.htm>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source explains how animal testing is used in cosmetics. The source also gives us information how our daily uses of cosmetics mostly are testing on animals and the fairness of cosmetic testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P&G Kills //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. In Defense of Animals. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <www.pandgkills.com>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source explains how the company P&G kills animals in there laboratory. It also gives detail explanations on how the company tests the animals. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toxicology Testing Using Animals //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. AboutAnimalTesting. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source tells us how toxicology is an important part of animal testing. It also gives us information on the different types of toxicology tests, and the benefits of this type of testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Turner, Angela K. "Animal Experimentation Regulations." //Animal Experimentation Regulations// (2004): 43-45. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source contains information explain the different animal experimentation regulations. Not only does it explain the U.S regulations but other countries such as New Zealand, and the U.K. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Against Animal Testing From a Medical and Scientific Perspective //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. CAAT. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <www.ohsukillsprimates.com>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source gives us information those against animal from a medical and scientific persepective. They also mention different issues that occurred in the past with animal testing, and what dangers occurred because of those issues. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"Facts: Cosmetic Testing." //In Defense of Animals//. Web. 0612 Mar. 2010. <http://www.idausa.org/facts/costesting.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source explains the deadly and painful test that animals have to suffer during cosmetic testing. They also question why do experiments require the use of animals. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"Press Centre - European Animal Welfare Groups Launch Scathing Attack on MEPs." //ECEAE - European Coalition to End Animal Experiments: Homepage//. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <http://www.eceae.org/press.php?p=497&more=1>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This source is a press release that talks about European animal welfare groups launching sarcastic attack on MEPs. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beattie, Teal. "Animal Testing." //Go Green//. Web. 09 May 2010. <http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/science-technology/animal-testing/>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This source contains information on animal testing percentages worldwide, and able you to go to other links that deal with animal testing suck as; banning, and the UK government. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Web. 09 May 2010. <http://www.frame.org.uk/page.php?pg_id=154>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This source gives detailed regulations on animal testing in other countries. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">"HIV Drugs, Vaccines and Animal Testing." //AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT//. Web. 09 May 2010. <http://www.avert.org/hiv-animal-testing.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This source gives information explaing the use of animal testing, and how researches are using animal testing to find HIV and AIDS treatments. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Issue By. "Alternatives to Animal Testing, Alternatives to Animal Research, Alternatives to Vivisection, Alternatives to Use of Animals in Research, Alternatives to Dissection, Animal Testing, Experimentation." //GEARI, Animal Rights Information Research, Animal Testing, Companies Test on Animals, Experimentation, Alternatives, Books, Websites, Cruelty Free, Organizations//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.geari.org/alternatives-to-animal-testing.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This source gives information about alternatives to animal testing,and alternatives towards animal research. It also goes into depth with the 3 different main alternavtes to animal testing in general. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanade, Shrinivas. "Animal Testing Statistics." //Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web//. Web. 09 May 2010. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-statistics.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This source gives statistics on animal testing and how it is very sensitive subject that is making many people upset due to the increase of the statistics. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"Animal Cruelty - Animal Testing." //Vegan Peace//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.veganpeace.com/animal_cruelty/animal_testing.htm>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source shows detailed pictues of animals undergoing their experiments. Not only does it depict what is happening it also gives a brief summary of the different types of research for each type of animal tested. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"Animal Testing: Toxic & Tragic." //Essenes, Essene Teachings and Essene Theology//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.thenazareneway.com/vegetarian/animal_testing_toxic__tragic.htm>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source gives information regarding the use of animals in experiments. It gives very detailed explanation on how the process is done. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hamblin, William. "Animal Testing in Research - Right or Wrong." //Associated Content - Associatedcontent.com//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/236899/animal_testing_in_research_right_or.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This sources gives us information on the history of animal testing. This source also tell how it dated back to the Greeks and how it is used today. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Important, Animal-models Are. "Biomedical Research and Animal Testing - About Animal Testing (UK)." //Informed Discussion on Animal Welfare in Animal Testing at About Animal Testing (UK)//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/biomedical-research-animal-testing.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source gives us information on how biomedical research is a main area in animal testing. It explains the type of research dealing with the animal testing, such as genetics. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"The Pros and Cons of Animal Testing." //Freelance Writing - Internet Article Marketing - Publish Articles Online - EduBook//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.edubook.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-animal-testing/11965/>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source give us the pros and cons of animal testing. The source also gives us the viewpoints on those who oppose animal testing and those for animal testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"Scientific Argument Against Animal Testing." //No More White Coat Welfare//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.whitecoatwelfare.org/aat-text.shtml>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source explains the scientific arguments against animal testing. It explains the different vaccines that are being made by using animal testing, and how the testing on the animals is done humanely but the humans are not always benefited from the product that the animals are testing for. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"SoulCast - Animal Testing - the Pros and Cons." //SoulCast: FREE Blog - Blogs & Blogging//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.soulcast.com/post/show/83190/Animal-Testing---the-pros-and-cons>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source was a great site to see the different arguments towards animal testing. It gives very detailed explanations on the different arguments. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"Animal Testing: The Beginning of the End? | The Humane Society of the United States." //The Humane Society of the United States : The Humane Society of the United States//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animal_testing/animal_testing_the_beginning_of_the_end.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This site explains the recent activity going on with animal testing. It also explains how it changed over the years <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"Animal Experimentation Research, Rights and Debate." //Social Issues - Home//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://socialissues.wiseto.com/Topics/AnimalExperimentation/>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source gives you a firsthand source of the social issues and debate regarding animal testing. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"American Humane Association: Cruelty to Animals Is NOT Free Speech or Entertainment." //American Humane: Protecting Children and Animals Since 1877//. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.americanhumane.org/about-us/newsroom/news-releases/10-animal-cruelty-images-supreme-court.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This source gives information on the Supreme Court protecting animals and trying to reverse some of the federal laws.


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